The study investigates a mechanistic link if bacterial biofilm mediated host-pathogen interaction leads to immunological complications associated with breast implant illness (BII). Over 10 million women worldwide have breast implants. In recent years, women have described a constellation of immunological symptoms believed to be related to their breast implants. The study included 178 subjects divided in three cohorts. Eighty-six patients reported symptoms consistent with BII. Control group I (non-BII, N=55) included patients with breast implants without BII symptoms but went through explantation of the breast implant. Control group II (normal tissue, N=37) was comprised of women without an implant, whose breast tissue was removed as an unrelated clinically indicated surgical procedures. We report that periprosthetic breast tissue of BII had increased abundance of biofilm and biofilm-derived oxylipin, 10-HOME. S. epidermidis biofilm was observed to be higher in the BII group (73.33%) compared to non-BII group (16.67%, p=0.018) and the normal group (10%, p=0.036). The oxylipin was found to be immunogenic capable of polarizing naïve CD4+ T cells with a resulting Th1 subtype in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, an abundance of CD4+Th1 subtype was observed in the periprosthetic breast tissue and blood of BII subjects. Mice injected with 10-HOME also had increased Th1 subtype in blood akin to BII patients and demonstrated fatigue-like symptoms. The identification of an oxylipin-mediated mechanism of immune activation induced by local bacterial biofilm associated with BII provides insight into the possible pathogenesis of implant-associated immune symptoms of BII.
Imran Khan, Robert E. Minto, Christine Kelley-Patteson, Kanhaiya Singh, Lava Timsina, Lily J. Suh, Ethan Rinne, Bruce W. Van Natta, Colby R. Neumann, Ganesh Mohan, Mary Lester, R. Jason VonDerHaar, Rana German, Natascia Marino, Aladdin H. Hassanein, Gayle M. Gordillo, Mark H. Kaplan, Chandan K. Sen, Marshall E. Kadin, Mithun Sinha
AIOLOS, also known as IKZF3, is a transcription factor highly expressed in the lymphoid lineage and critical for lymphocyte differentiation and development. Here we report nine individuals from three unrelated families carrying AIOLOS variants Q402* or E82K leading to AIOLOS haploinsufficiency through different mechanisms of action. Nonsense mutant Q402* displayed abnormal DNA binding, pericentromeric targeting, post-transcriptional modification, and transcriptome regulation. Structurally, the mutant lacks the AIOLOS zinc finger (ZF) 5-6 dimerization domain, but is still able to homodimerize with WT AIOLOS and negatively regulate DNA binding through ZF1, a previously unrecognized function for this domain. Missense mutant E82K showed overall normal AIOLOS functions; however, by affecting a redefined AIOLOS protein stability domain, it also led to haploinsufficiency. AIOLOS haploinsufficiency patients showed hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, autoimmunity and allergy, but with incomplete clinical penetrance. Altogether, these data redefine AIOLOS structure-function relationship and expand the spectrum of AIOLOS-associated diseases.
Hye Sun Kuehn, Inga S. Sakovich, Julie E. Niemela, Agustin A. Gil Silva, Jennifer L. Stoddard, Ekaterina A. Polyakova, Ana Esteve-Sole, Svetlana N. Aleshkevich, Tatjana A. Uglova, Mikhail V. Belevtsev, Vladislav R. Vertelko, Tatsiana V. Shman, Aleksandra N. Kupchinskaya, Jolan E. Walter, Thomas A. Fleisher, Luigi D. Notarangelo, Xiao P. Peng, Ottavia Maria Delmonte, Svetlana O. Sharapova, Sergio D. Rosenzweig
BACKGROUND. Systemic administration of Adeno-associated virus (AAV) can trigger life-threatening inflammatory responses including thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), acute kidney injury due to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS)-like complement activation, immune-mediated myocardial inflammation and hepatic toxicity. METHODS. We describe the kinetics of immune activation following systemic AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) administration in 38 subjects following two distinct prophylactic immunomodulation regimens. Group 1 received corticosteroids and Group 2 received rituximab plus sirolimus in addition to steroids to prevent anti-AAV antibody formation. RESULTS. Group 1 subjects had a rapid increase of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Increase in D-dimer, decline in platelet count and complement activation are indicative of TMA. All Group 1 subjects demonstrated activation of both classical and alternative complement pathways indicated by depletion of C4, elevated SC5b-9, Ba, and Bb antigens. Group 2 patients did not have a significant change in IgM or IgG and had minimal complement activation. CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrates that TMA in the setting of AAV gene therapy is antibody dependent (classical pathway) and amplified by the alternative complement pathway. Critical time points and interventions are identified to allow for management of immune mediated events which impact the safety and efficacy of systemic gene therapy.
Stephanie M. Salabarria, Manuela Corti, Kirsten E. Coleman, Megan B. Wichman, Julie A. Berthy, Precilla D'Souza, Cynthia J. Tifft, Roland W. Herzog, Melissa E. Elder, Lawrence R. Shoemaker, Carmen Leon-Astudillo, Fatemeh Tavakkoli, David H. Kirn, Jonathan D. Schwartz, Barry J. Byrne
Although most CD8+ T-cells are equipped to kill infected or transformed cells, a subset may regulate immune responses and preserve self-tolerance. Here we describe a CD8 lineage that is instructed to differentiate into CD8 T regulatory cells (Treg) by a surprisingly restricted set of T-cell receptors (TCR) that recognize MHC-E (mouse Qa-1) and several dominant self-peptides. Recognition and elimination of pathogenic target cells that express these Qa-1self-peptide complexes selectively inhibits pathogenic antibody responses without generalized immune suppression. Immunization with synthetic agonist peptides that mobilize CD8 Treg in vivo efficiently inhibit anti-graft antibody responses and markedly prolong heart and kidney organ graft survival. Definition of TCR-dependent differentiation and target recognition by this lineage of CD8 Treg may open the way to new therapeutic approaches to inhibit pathogenic antibody responses.
Hye-Jung Kim, Hidetoshi Nakagawa, John Y. Choi, Xuchun Che, Andrew Divris, Qingshi Liu, Andrew E. Wight, Hengcheng Zhang, Anis Saad, Zhabiz Solhjou, Christa Deban, Jamil R. Azzi, Harvey Cantor
Even with the prolific clinical use of next-generation cancer therapeutics, many tumors remain unresponsive or become refractory to therapy, creating a medical need. In cancer, DCs are indispensable to T cell activation, so there is a restriction on cytotoxic T cell immunity if DCs are not present in sufficient numbers in the tumor and draining lymph nodes to uptake and present relevant cancer antigens. To address this bottleneck, we developed a Flt3L-based therapeutic named Alb-Flt3L that demonstrated superior pharmacokinetic properties compared to Flt3L, including significantly longer half-life, accumulation in tumor and lymph node, and cross-presenting DCs expansion following a single injection. We demonstrated that Alb-Flt3L, in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy and radiation therapy, serves as an in situ vaccination strategy capable of engendering polyclonal tumor neoantigen-specific immunity spontaneously. In addition, Alb-Flt3L-mediated tumor control synergized with immune checkpoint blockade delivered as anti-PD-L1. The mechanism of action of Alb-Flt3L treatment revealed a dependency on Batf3, type-I-interferons, and plasmacytoid DCs. Finally, the ability of Alb-Flt3L to expand human DC was explored in humanized mice. We observed significant expansion of human cross-presenting DC subsets, supporting the notion that Alb-Flt3L could be used clinically to modulate human DC populations in future cancer therapeutic regimens.
Brandon Lam, Yu Jui Kung, John Lin, Ssu-Hsueh Tseng, Hsin-Fang Tu, Claire Huang, Brandon Lee, Esteban Velarde, Ya Chea Tsai, Rafael Villasmil, Sung Taek Park, Deyin Xing, Chien-Fu Hung, T.-C. Wu
Matthew D. Taves, Shizuka Otsuka, Jonathan D. Ashwell
Hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+) is immunologically cold and has not benefited from advances in immunotherapy. In contrast, subsets of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) display high leukocytic infiltration and respond to checkpoint blockade. CD8+T cells, the main effectors of anti-cancer responses, recognize MHC I-associated peptides (MAPs). Our work aimed to characterize the repertoire of MAPs presented by HR+ and TNBC tumors. Using mass spectrometry, we identified 57,094 unique MAPs in 26 primary breast cancer samples. MAP source genes highly overlapped between both subtypes (>70%). We identified 25 tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) mainly deriving from aberrantly expressed regions. TSAs were most frequently identified in TNBC samples (70%) and were more shared among TCGA TNBC than HR+ samples. In the TNBC cohort, the predicted number of TSAs positively correlated with leukocytic infiltration (p<0.05) and overall survival (p<0.05), supporting their immunogenicity in vivo. We detected 49 tumor-associated antigens, some of which derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts. Functional expansion of specific T cell assays confirmed the in vitro immunogenicity of several TSAs and TAAs. Our study identified attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy in both breast cancer subtypes. The higher prevalence of TSAs in TNBC tumors provides a rationale for their responsiveness to checkpoint blockade.
Eralda Kina, Jean-Philippe Laverdure, Chantal Durette, Joël Lanoix, Mathieu Courcelles, Qingchuan Zhao, Anca Apavaloaei, Jean-David Larouche, Marie-Pierre Hardy, Krystel Vincent, Patrick Gendron, Leslie Hesnard, Catherine Thériault, Maria Virginia Ruiz Cuevas, Grégory Ehx, Pierre Thibault, Claude Perreault
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are instrumental in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing destructive autoimmunity, but how heterogeneous Treg populations are established remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Zfp335 deletion in Tregs failed to differentiate into effector Tregs (eTregs) and lose Treg-suppressive function and that KO mice exhibited early-onset lethal autoimmune inflammation with unrestricted activation of conventional T cells. Single-cell RNA-Seq analyses revealed that Zfp335-deficient Tregs lacked a eTreg population and showed dramatic accumulation of a dysfunctional Treg subset. Mechanistically, Zfp335-deficient Tregs displayed reduced oxidative phosphorylation and dysfunctional mitochondrial activity. Further studies revealed that Zfp335 controlled eTreg differentiation by regulating fatty acid oxidation (FAO) through direct targeting of the FAO enzyme Hadha. Importantly, we demonstrate a positive correlation between ZNF335 and HADHA expression in human eTregs. Our findings reveal that Zfp335 controls FAO-driven eTreg differentiation to establish immune tolerance.
Xin Wang, Lina Sun, Biao Yang, Wenhua Li, Cangang Zhang, Xiaofeng Yang, Yae Sun, Xiaonan Shen, Yang Gao, Bomiao Ju, Yafeng Gao, Dan Liu, Jiapeng Song, Xiaoxuan Jia, Yanhong Su, Anjun Jiao, Haiyan Liu, Lianjun Zhang, Lan He, Lei Lei, WanJun Chen, Baojun Zhang
Tissue-resident lymphocytes provide organ-adapted protection against invading pathogens. Whereas their biology has been examined in great detail in various infection models, their generation and functionality in response to vaccination has not been comprehensively analyzed in humans. We therefore studied SARS-CoV2 mRNA-vaccine-specific T cells in surgery specimens of kidney, liver, lung, bone marrow and spleen in comparison to paired blood samples from largely virus-naïve individuals. As opposed to lymphoid tissues, non-lymphoid organs harbored significantly elevated frequencies of Spike-specific CD4+ T cells compared to blood showing hallmarks of tissue residency and an expanded memory pool. Organ-derived CD4+ T cells further exhibited increased polyfunctionality over those detected in blood. Single-cell RNA sequencing together with T cell receptor repertoire analysis indicated that the clonotype rather than organ origin is a major determinant of transcriptomic state in vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells. In summary, our data demonstrate that SARS-CoV2 vaccination entails acquisition of tissue memory and residency features in organs distant from the inoculation site, thereby contributing to our understanding of how local tissue protection might be accomplished.
Vanessa Proß, Arne Sattler, Söeren Lukassen, Laura Tóth, Linda Marie Laura Thole, Janine Siegle, Carolin Stahl, An He, Georg Damm, Daniel Seehofer, Christina Götz, Christian Bayerl, Pia Jäger, Alexander Macke, Stephan Eggeling, Bernadette Kirzinger, Thomas Mayr, Hermann Herbst, Katharina Beyer, Dominik Laue, Jan Krönke, Jan Braune, Friederike Rosseck, Beatrice Kittner, Frank Friedersdorff, Mandy Hubatsch, Sarah Weinberger, Nils Lachmann, Veit Maria Hofmann, Eva Schrezenmeier, Carolin Ludwig, Hubert Schrezenmeier, Katharina Jechow, Christian Conrad, Katja Kotsch
The functional integrity of Treg cells is interwoven with cellular metabolism; however, the mechanisms governing Treg cell metabolic programs remain elusive. Here, we identified that the deubiquitinase USP47 inhibited RNA m6A reader YTHDF1-mediated c-Myc translation to maintain Treg cell metabolic and functional homeostasis. USP47 positively correlated with the tumor-infiltrating Treg cell signature in colorectal cancer and gastric cancer patient samples. USP47 ablation compromised Treg cell homeostasis and function in vivo, resulting in the development of inflammatory disorders, and boosted antitumor immune responses. USP47 deficiency in Treg cells triggered the accumulation of the c-Myc protein and in turn exacerbated hyperglycolysis. Mechanistically, USP47 prevented YTHDF1 ubiquitination to attenuate the association of YTHDF1 with translation initiation machinery, thereby decreasing m6A-based c-Myc translation efficiency. Our findings reveal that USP47 directs m6A-dependent metabolic programs to orchestrate Treg cell homeostasis and suggest novel approaches for selective immune modulation in cancer and autoimmune diseases by targeting USP47.
Aiting Wang, Haiyan Huang, Jian-Hong Shi, Xiaoyan Yu, Rui Ding, Yuerong Zhang, Qiaoqiao Han, Zhi-Yu Ni, Xia Li, Ren Zhao, Qiang Zou